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Retscreen expert user manual pdf free.Retscreen User Manual
Retscreen expert user manual pdf free.Advanced RETScreen® Expert
Retscreen expert user manual pdf free
Fuel type The user selects the fuel type for the base case cooling system from the drop-down list. Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the base case cooling system.
Typical values of cooling system efficiency are presented in the Typical Seasonal Efficiencies of Cooling Systems table. This value depends on the cooling design temperature for the specific location and on the building insulation efficiency. Peak process cooling load The user enters the peak process cooling load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster.
If the process cooling load or a portion of it is weather dependent e. Process cooling load characteristics The user selects the process cooling load characteristics from the drop-down list.
If the "Standard" option is selected, the process load is assumed to be the same for each month of the year and is calculated based on the peak process cooling load and the equivalent full load hours for the process cooling load.
Equivalent full load hours - process cooling The equivalent full load hours for the process cooling load is defined as the annual process cooling demand divided by the peak process cooling load.
This value is expressed in hours and is equivalent to the number of hours that a cooling system sized exactly for the peak process cooling load would operate at rated capacity to meet the annual process cooling demand. If the "Standard" option for the process cooling load characteristics is selected, the user enters the equivalent full load hours for the process cooling load. If the "Detailed" option for the process cooling load characteristics is selected, the user has to enter the percentage of time the process is operating on a monthly basis in the " Base case load characteristics" section located at the bottom of this worksheet, and the model calculates the equivalent full load hours for the process cooling load.
Process cooling demand The model calculates the annual process cooling demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster, which is the amount of energy required for process cooling. Total cooling demand The model calculates the annual total cooling demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster.
Total peak cooling load The model calculates the annual total peak cooling load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. It typically coincides with the warmest day of the year for space cooling applications. Fuel consumption - annual The model calculates the annual fuel consumption for the building, the building zone or the building cluster.
Fuel cost The model calculates the fuel cost for the base case cooling system. Proposed case energy efficiency measures End-use energy efficiency measures The user enters the percent of the base case cooling system's total peak cooling load that is reduced as a result of implementing the proposed case end-use energy efficiency measures. This value is used to calculate the cooling system load in the "Proposed case load characteristics" section located at the bottom of this worksheet, as well as the net peak cooling load and the net cooling demand for the proposed case system.
Net peak cooling load The model calculates the annual net peak cooling load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster.
Net cooling demand The model calculates the annual total net cooling demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. Proposed case district cooling network This section is used to prepare a preliminary design and cost estimate for the proposed case district cooling network. Steel pipes used for district cooling are typically externally coated to prevent external corrosion.
Typical coating materials are bituminous, epoxy or urethane. For some soil conditions cathodic protection is added. Typically the pipes are not insulated due to the small temperature difference between the soil and the water. District cooling pipes can also be installed without expansion loops or devices. A building cooling system design pressure is normally between 10 and 15 bar.
If a building is directly connected to the distribution system the operating pressure in the system needs be able to supply the static pressure for the building and being within the maximum allowed building pressure. The pipe diameter varies depending on the cooling load of the system. The heat gains for a district cooling system vary depending on many factors such as soil temperature and level moisture content. In the RETScreen model, heat gains have not been included as a separate line item.
Cooling pipe design criteria Design supply temperature The user enters the design supply temperature for the district cooling network. Design return temperature The user enters the design return temperature for the district cooling network. A high return temperature is desirable.
The design return temperature is typically about 12oC. This value is used to calculate the size of the district cooling pipes. Main cooling distribution line The main cooling distribution line is the part of the district cooling pipe system that connects several buildings, or clusters of buildings, to the cooling plant. Main pipe network oversizing The user enters a pipe network oversizing factor.
For more information, see example in the Technical note on cooling network design. The CHP. Total pipe length for main distribution line The model calculates the total pipe length for the main cooling distribution network. Secondary cooling distribution lines The secondary distribution lines are the parts of the district cooling pipe system that connect individual buildings to the main distribution line. Secondary pipe network oversizing The user enters a pipe network oversizing factor.
For more information, see the Technical note on cooling network design. District cooling network cost Total pipe length The model calculates the total pipe length as the sum of the total pipe length for the main cooling distribution line and the total length of pipe section for the secondary cooling distribution lines.
Costing method The user selects the type of costing method from the drop-down list. The building's cooling system is normally connected indirectly to the district cooling system via energy transfer stations located in the basement or where a chiller would normally be located. Direct systems connect the district cooling system directly to the building's cooling system; however, there is still a cost associated to the connection of the system.
Exchange rate The user enters the exchange rate to convert the calculated Canadian dollar costs into the currency in which the project costs are reported as selected at the top of the Energy Model worksheet. Energy transfer station s cost If the user selects the "Formula" costing method, then the model calculates the energy transfer station s cost for all the buildings in each cluster using the Typical Costs for Indirect Cooling Energy Transfer Station s graph.
The costs shown for the energy transfer station s include supply and installation in a new building. It should be noted that building owners sometimes choose to remove existing chillers to gain valuable floor space. Each energy transfer station consists of prefabricated heat exchanger unit. The energy transfer station is designed for ease of connection to the building's internal cooling system.
These meters record district cooling water flow through the energy transfer station. Prefabricated energy transfer stations with heat exchanger unit are available for smaller buildings. They consist of brazed plate or "shell and tube" heat exchangers for a circulation pump, an expansion tank, self-actuating control valves and an energy meter.
Secondary distribution line pipe cost If the user selects the "Formula" costing method, then the secondary distribution line pipe costs for all pipes connecting each cluster to the main distribution pipe are calculated by the model using the Typical Costs for Cooling Distribution Line Pipes graph.
Total building cluster connection cost The model calculates the total building cluster connection cost based on the ETS and secondary distribution pipes costs per building cluster and for all building clusters. Summary of main distribution line pipe cost If the user selects the "Formula" costing method, then the model calculates the main distribution line pipe cost by pipe size categories using the Typical Costs for Cooling Distribution Line Pipes graph.
Total district cooling network cost The model calculates the total district cooling network cost, which includes the total cost of secondary and main distribution pipes and the total cost of the energy transfer station s. Power project Base case power system In this section, the user provides information about the base case power system.
The user enters the power gross average load on a monthly basis and, in the case of central-grid and isolated-grid systems, the electricity rate for the base case power system, in the "Base case load characteristics" section. Grid type The user selects the grid type for the base case power system from the drop-down list. Peak load - isolated grid The user enters the peak load of the isolated-grid for reference purposes only.
Minimum load - isolated-grid The user enters the minimum load of the isolated-grid. This value is used to evaluate if electricity can be exported to the grid by the proposed case power system.
Electricity can not be exported to the grid if the proposed case power system capacity exceeds the minimum load of the isolated-grid. Type The user enters the off-grid power system type considered for reference purposes only. Depending on the selection of "Higher or Lower heating value" at the top of the Energy Model worksheet the relevant heating value will be used for the calculations.
Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the base case power system. Capacity The user enters the capacity of the base case power system for reference purposes only. Heat rate The user enters the heat rate of the base case power system. The heat rate is the amount of energy input in kJ or Btu from the fuel required to produce 1 kWh of electricity. This value is another way of entering the electricity generation efficiency and is common practice in industry.
The heat rates are typically quoted in lower heating value. The heat rate normally varies over the operating range of the equipment and this should be considered if the equipment is not operated at maximum output for most of the year. Electricity rate - base case The model calculates the average electricity rate for the base case power system. Note that this does not include the installed cost of equipment, etc. Those costs would be treated as "Credits" in the Cost Analysis worksheet, if the proposed case power system is able to completely displace the need for the base case power system.
Total electricity cost The model calculates the total electricity cost based on the electricity demand and the electricity rate for the base case power system. Power gross average load The user enters the gross monthly average power load for the base case power system. A "Check value" warning will appear if the value is too low - i. Note: This column is only visible if the proposed project includes power. Note: This column is only visible if "Detailed" is selected for "Process cooling load characteristics.
When "Standard" process cooling load characteristics is selected, the process load is assumed to be the same for each month of the year. A period for peak load is created to take into account weather dependent loads that occur during extreme temperatures.
Note: This column is only visible if the proposed project includes cooling. Note: This column is only visible if "Detailed" is selected for "Process heating load characteristics. When "Standard" process heating load characteristics is selected, the process load is assumed to be the same for each month of the year. Note: This column is only visible if the proposed project includes heating. Peak load - annual The model calculates the annual peak load.
Electricity demand The model calculates annual electricity demand. Electricity rate - base case The user enters the average electricity rate for the base case power system. Proposed case energy efficiency measures End-use energy efficiency measures The user enters the percent of the base case power system's annual peak load i.
This value is used to calculate the power net average load in the "Proposed case load characteristics" section, the net peak electricity load and the net electricity demand for the proposed case system. These loads are calculated with respect to the base case system and the proposed case end-use energy efficiency measures and the type of cooling system equipment selected in the Equipment Selection worksheet.
Power net average load The model calculates the net monthly average power load for the proposed case power system by multiplying the base case power system net average power load on a monthly basis by the proposed case end-use energy efficiency measures for power. Power for cooling The model calculates the monthly average power load required by the cooling system equipment selected in the Equipment Selection worksheet.
Power system load The model calculates the monthly average power system load for the proposed case power system by adding the proposed case power net average load and power for cooling load on a monthly basis. Heating net average load The model calculates the net monthly average heating load for the proposed case heating system by multiplying the base case heating system average heating load on a monthly basis by the end-use energy efficiency measures for heating.
Heat for cooling The model calculates the monthly average heat load required by the cooling system equipment selected in the Equipment Selection worksheet. Heating system load The model calculates the monthly average heating system load for the proposed case heating system by adding the proposed case heating net average load and heat for cooling load on a monthly basis. Note: At this point the user should complete the Equipment Selection worksheet.
This worksheet is also used to select the operating strategy used for the selected power generation equipment. Show alternative units In the Equipment Selection worksheet, both metric and imperial units can be shown simultaneously by ticking the "Show alternative units" check box at the top the worksheet.
The values calculated in the units selected in the Energy Model worksheet are displayed in the main column and the values calculated in the alternative units are displayed in the column to the right. Base load cooling system Type The user selects the type of base load cooling system considered from the drop-down list. Cooling is typically provided by compressors, heat pumps, absorption chillers, desiccant chillers or via free cooling.
Compressors are normally centrifugal, reciprocating, screw or scroll type and are typically driven by electricity. If the proposed project includes power, the model automatically selects the power system as the compressor fuel source.
Otherwise, the user selects the fuel type. Heat pumps are often air-source or groundsource type and are typically driven by electricity. If the proposed project includes power, the model automatically selects the power system as the heat pump fuel source.
Absorption and desiccant chillers are typically driven by heat. If the proposed project includes heating, the model automatically selects CHP. For free cooling, the model automatically sets the fuel source to free cooling. For compressors, if the proposed project includes power, the model automatically selects the power system as the fuel source.
For heat pumps, if the proposed project includes power, the model automatically selects the power system as the fuel source. For absorption and desiccant chillers, if the proposed project includes heating, the model automatically selects the heating system as the fuel source.
Note that the "Proposed case system load characteristics graph" can be used as a guide. Fuel type The user selects the base load cooling system fuel type from the drop-down list. Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the base load cooling system. Capacity The user enters the capacity of the base load cooling system. The "System design graph" displayed in the Energy Model worksheet can be used as a guide.
Cooling delivered The model calculates cooling delivered by the base load cooling system. Peak load cooling system The peak load cooling system is designed to meet the remaining cooling demand not met by the base load cooling system, either due to insufficient installed capacity or to cover scheduled shutdowns.
Type The user selects the type of peak load cooling system considered from the drop-down list. Selecting "Not required" will hide the entire peak load cooling system section. However, if "Not required" is selected and the Suggested capacity by the model is greater than 0, this section will not hide and the calculations made by the model will not be accurate.
Fuel type The user selects the fuel type for the peak load cooling system from the drop-down list. Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the peak load cooling system. Suggested capacity The model calculates the suggested capacity of the peak load cooling system. Capacity The user enters the capacity of the peak load cooling system. If the capacity entered is below the model's suggested capacity of the peak load cooling system, then it is assumed that the system cannot meet the peak cooling load at design conditions and the calculations made by the model will not be accurate.
Cooling delivered The model calculates the cooling delivered by the peak load cooling system. Biomass system, Boiler Capacity The user enters the capacity of the heating system.
The percentage of the heating system capacity over the proposed case heating system peak load is calculated. Heating delivered The model calculates the heating delivered by the heating system.
The percentage of the heating delivered by the heating system over the proposed case heating system energy demand is also calculated. Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the heating system. Boiler type The user selects the boiler type considered from the drop-down list. Operating pressure The user enters the operating pressure of the steam boiler.
Saturation temperature The model calculates the steam saturation temperature. The saturation temperature is the boiling point at the selected steam operating pressure.
Superheated temperature The user enters the superheated temperature of the steam. If superheated steam is not required, the user enters the saturation temperature calculated by the model.
Superheated steam is defined as steam heated to a temperature higher than the saturation temperature while maintaining the saturation pressure. It cannot exist in contact with water, nor contain water, and resembles a perfect gas. Superheated steam might be called surcharged steam, anhydrous steam or steam gas. Superheating of the steam also means that smaller size pipes can be used for the steam distribution system. Steam flow The model calculates the steam flow based on the capacity, the superheated temperature and return temperature.
This value is another way to express the capacity. Typically, part of the steam flow is lost in the deaerator or to blowdown. Fuel required The model calculates the fuel required per hour based on the capacity and seasonal efficiency.
Fuel selection method The user selects the fuel selection method from the drop-down list. Single fuel Selecting "Single fuel" allows the user to select one fuel from the fuel type list.
Fuel type The user selects the fuel type for the system from the drop-down list. Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the system. The user assigns the 3 fuel types to the twelve months of the year. The model calculates the fuel consumption on a monthly basis. Fuel consumption - unit The model displays the unit used for the fuel types selected. Fuel consumption The model calculates the annual fuel consumption for the fuel types selected.
Fuel rate - unit The model displays the unit used for the fuel types selected. Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the fuel types.
Fuel cost The model calculates the annual fuel cost for the fuel types by multiplying the fuel rate by the annual fuel consumption. The total cost for the entire fuel mix is also calculated. Multiple fuels - percentage CHP. The intermediate load power system then operates under the "Operating strategy selected in the "Operating strategy" section. Availability The user enters the availability of the power system in either hours, or percent of hours, per year.
This value is used to calculate the electricity delivered to load and electricity exported to grid, to calculate the suggested capacity for the peak load power system. Used and older equipment might have less availability. Reciprocating engine Reciprocating engines produce electricity for the power load using a generator.
In addition to producing electricity, useful heat can be recovered from the exhaust gas using a heat recovery steam generator HRSG , or heat recovery system for hot water.
Refer to the Reciprocating Engine Schematic for more information. Power capacity The user enters the power capacity. Typical values for reciprocating engine power capacity are presented in the Typical Reciprocating Engine Power Capacity table.
The percentage of the power capacity over the proposed case power system peak load is calculated. Minimum capacity The user enters the minimum power capacity that the power equipment can operate at, as a percentage of the "Power capacity" entered above. If the minimum capacity exceeds the power net average load for any months, the user should adjust this value until the minimum capacity is always maintained.
One way to do this is to have several smaller units, with the same total power capacity combined, running in parallel. Electricity delivered to load The model calculates the electricity delivered to the load based on the Operating strategy selected in the "Operating strategy" section at the bottom of this worksheet.
The percentage of the electricity delivered to the load over the proposed case power system energy demand is also calculated. Heat rate The user enters the heat rate of the power system.
The heat rate for gas turbines varies also depending on the location i. If the power equipment temperature is too low, only part of the heat produced can be recovered. For a low temperature heating load, the higher value can be used and for high temperature heating load, the lower value is more suitable. If the heat recovery system is for hot water, the heat recovery efficiency is typically higher than if it is for steam.
Heating capacity The model calculates the heating capacity of the power equipment based on the power capacity, the heat rate and the heat recovery efficiency. The heating capacity is the useful heat produced by the power equipment that can be recovered for the heating load. If the proposed project does not include heating or if the heating load is lower than the heating capacity, this heat has to be removed i.
Gas turbine Gas turbines produce electricity for the power load using a generator. In addition to producing electricity, useful heat can be recovered from the exhaust gas using a heat recovery steam generator HRSG , or heat recovery system for hot water, and this recovered "waste" heat can be provided to a heating load.
Refer to the Gas Turbine Schematic for more information. Electricity exported to grid The model calculates the electricity exported to the grid based on the Operating strategy selected in the "Operating strategy" section at the bottom of this worksheet. Gas turbine - combined cycle Gas turbine - combined cycle GTCC power systems produce electricity for the power load using a gas turbine and a generator, as well as a steam turbine and generator using heat recovered from the gas turbine's exhaust gas using a heat recovery steam generator HRSG.
Heat can be recovered from the steam turbine ST extraction port and back pressure port for the heating load. The percentage of the power capacity GT over the proposed case power system peak load is calculated. If the gas turbine temperature is too low, only part of the heat produced can be recovered. Heating capacity The model calculates the heating capacity of the gas turbine based on the power capacity GT , the heat rate and the heat recovery efficiency.
The heating capacity is the useful thermal output produced by the gas turbine that can be recovered for the steam turbine. Duct firing The user indicates by selecting from the drop-down list whether or not duct firing is used.
The exhaust from a gas turbine contains large amounts of excess air, with oxygen content close to fresh air. The exhaust can be utilised as preheated combustion air for duct firing, thus increasing the heating capacity at the input of the steam turbine. Also, duct firing may be used in the case of gas turbine shutdown or in the case of temporary heating load swings. The model assumes that the fuel type used for duct firing is the same as for the gas turbine. Duct firing heating capacity The user enters the duct firing heating capacity, which represents the burner capacity.
Steam turbine Gas turbine - combined cycle GTCC power systems produce electricity for the power load using a gas turbine and a generator, as well as a steam turbine and generator using heat recovered from the gas turbine's exhaust gas using a heat recovery steam generator HRSG. Operating pressure The user enters the operating pressure of the steam turbine. It increases the steam turbine efficiency. Steam flow The model calculates the steam flow based on the heating capacity after duct firing, if applicable and the temperature at the back pressure port.
This value is another way to express the steam turbine capacity. Enthalpy is a general measure of the heat content of a substance.
Entropy The model calculates the entropy of the steam at the input of the steam turbine. Entropy is a general measure of the thermodynamic potential of a system.
Extraction port The user indicates by selecting from the drop-down list whether or not an extraction port is included. Extraction ports are used to provide heat to a heating load at a higher grade than available from the back pressure port. Maximum extraction The user enters the maximum extraction as a percentage of the steam flow.
The maximum allowable steam extraction varies depending on the equipment manufacturer and model. Extraction The model calculates the amount of steam that can be extracted based on the maximum extraction and the steam flow. Extraction pressure The user enters the steam turbine extraction pressure. The higher the extraction pressure is, the higher the heating capacity is at the extraction port and the lower the power capacity is, and vice-versa. Temperature The model calculates the temperature of the extracted steam, which is the saturation temperature at the extraction pressure.
Mixture quality The model calculates steam moisture mixture quality at the output of the extraction port. If the mixture quality is below 1. If the mixture quality is too low, there could be erosion of the steam turbine blades due to the collision of the water droplets and the turbine blades, thus increasing the cost of maintenance of the power system.
Increasing the extraction pressure increases the mixture quality. If the extraction pressure cannot be increased, more than one steam turbine has to be used in conjunction with a reheater or a moisture separator. This will help reduce ongoing maintenance costs, but will increase the initial cost of equipment. Enthalpy The model calculates the enthalpy of the steam at the output of the extraction port.
Theoretical steam rate TSR The model calculates the theoretical steam rate TSR of the extracted steam, which represents the theoretical amount of steam necessary to produce 1 kWh of power. Back pressure The user enters the steam turbine back pressure or exhaust pressure.
The higher the back pressure is, the higher the heating capacity is at the back pressure port and the lower the power capacity is, and vice-versa. Temperature The model calculates the temperature of the steam at the back pressure port, which is the saturation temperature at the back pressure. Mixture quality The model calculates steam moisture mixture quality at the output of the back pressure port. Typically, a steam turbine requires a minimum mixture quality in the range of 0. Increasing the back pressure increases the mixture quality.
If the back pressure cannot be increased, more than one steam turbine has to be used in conjunction with a reheater or a moisture separator. Theoretical steam rate TSR The model calculates the theoretical steam rate TSR of the back pressure steam, which represents the theoretical amount of steam necessary to produce 1 kWh of power.
This value includes the losses in the steam turbine for auxiliary power and system losses. Large steam turbines typically have higher efficiencies than small steam turbines. The turbine efficiency varies depending on the back pressure and the difference between the superheated and saturated temperature.
This value is the actual amount of steam necessary to produce 1 kWh of power. Summary This section summarises the power and heating capacities, with and without extraction. It also provides the electricity delivered to the load and exported to the grid depending on the operating strategy selected in the "Operating strategy" section at the bottom of this worksheet.
Power capacity ST - with extraction The model calculates the power capacity of the steam turbine ST with extraction. Total power capacity GTCC - with extraction The model calculates the total power capacity with extraction for the gas turbine combined cycle GTCC power system, by adding the gas turbine power capacity GT to the steam turbine power capacity ST with extraction.
The percentage of the total power capacity GTCC with extraction over the total power system peak load is also calculated. Power capacity ST [- without extraction] The model calculates the power capacity of the steam turbine ST without extraction. The percentage of the power capacity ST without extraction over the proposed case power system peak load is also calculated. Total power capacity GTCC [- without extraction] The model calculates the total power capacity without extraction for the gas turbine combined cycle GTCC power system, by adding the gas turbine power capacity GT to the steam turbine power capacity ST without extraction.
The percentage of the total power capacity GTCC without extraction over the total power system peak load is also calculated. Return temperature The user enters the return temperature or feedwater temperature for the steam turbine, which is the temperature of the condensed steam at the back pressure and extraction port.
Heating capacity - without extraction The model calculates the heating capacity without extraction based on the steam flow, pressure and temperature at the back pressure port and return temperature.
Heating capacity [- with extraction] The model calculates the heating capacity with extraction if an extraction port is included based on the steam flow, maximum extraction, pressure and temperature at the extraction port, pressure and temperature at the back pressure port and return temperature.
Steam turbine Steam turbines produce electricity for the power load using a generator. Heat can be recovered from the extraction port and back pressure port for the heating load. Refer to the Steam Turbine Schematic for more information.
Steam flow The user enters the steam flow available at the inlet of the steam turbine. Enthalpy The model calculates the enthalpy of the steam at the input of the steam turbine. Enthalpy The model calculates the enthalpy of the steam at the output of the back pressure port. Power capacity - with extraction The model calculates the power capacity of the steam turbine with extraction. The percentage of the power capacity with extraction over the proposed case power system peak load is also calculated.
Power capacity [- without extraction] The model calculates the power capacity of the steam turbine without extraction. The percentage of the power capacity without extraction over the proposed case power system peak load is also calculated.
Model and capacity The user enters the name of the equipment model for reference purposes only. The user can also enter the equipment power capacity for reference purposes only.
Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the steam boiler. Fuel required The model calculates the fuel required per hour based on the return temperature, the steam flow, the superheated temperature and the seasonal efficiency. If the proposed project does not include heating or if the CHP. Geothermal system Geothermal systems produce electricity for the power load using the natural heat of the earth.
The model assumes that there is no waste heat recovered for CHP applications. Steam temperature The user enters the steam temperature, which represents the temperature at which the steam is extracted from the earth. This value represents the actual amount of steam necessary to produce 1 kWh of power. Power capacity The model calculates the power capacity.
The percentage of the power capacity over the proposed case power system peak load is also calculated. Fuel cell Fuel cells produce electricity for the power load using an electrochemical process. Heat can be recovered from the chemical exothermic reaction. If the minimum capacity exceeds the power net average load CHP. The heat rate normally varies over the CHP. Wind turbine Wind turbines produce electricity for the power load using the kinetic energy from the wind. Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the wind plant over a year to its rated power capacity.
The lower end of the range is representative of older technologies installed in average wind regimes while the higher end of the range represents the latest wind turbines installed in good wind regimes. Electricity exported to grid The model calculates the electricity exported to the grid based on the Operating strategy elected in the "Operating strategy" section at the bottom of this worksheet.
Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the hydro plant over a year to its rated power capacity. Photovoltaic module Photovoltaic PV modules produce electricity for the power load using the photons from the sun. Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the photovoltaic system over a year to its rated power capacity. Other In this section, the user enters information about other types of power systems not listed in the "Type" drop-down list.
The "Other" option can be used to evaluate new power generation technologies. Description The user enters the description of the power system for reference purposes only.
Operating strategy The operating strategy section is used to help determine the optimal operating strategy for the selected power system. Note that this method is only an indicator of the profitability of the selected system.
The values calculated for the selected operating strategy in the Equipment Selection worksheet are displayed in bold and are copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet. Electricity export rate The user enters the electricity export rate, which is the rate paid by the electric utility or another customer.
If there is no electricity exported to the grid then the user does not have to enter this value, or can simply enter a value of 0. Electricity rate - proposed case The user enters the electricity rate for the proposed case system, which represents the rate paid for electricity delivered by the utility after the implementation of the proposed project.
The electricity rate might increase after the implementation of the proposed project since utilities will often give lower rates to large users who have higher electricity demand. Electricity delivered to load The model calculates the electricity delivered to the load for the different operating strategies.
Electricity exported to grid The model calculates the electricity exported to the grid or to another customer for the different operating strategies. Remaining electricity required The model calculates the remaining electricity required for the different operating strategies.
This value represents the electricity that has to be provided by the peak load power system which can include grid electricity , as defined in the Energy Model worksheet. Heat recovered The model calculates the heat recovered from the power system for the heating load for the different operating strategies. Power system fuel The model calculates the power system fuel consumed for the different operating strategies. Operating profit loss The model calculates the operating profit loss for the different operating strategies.
This value represents the operating profit or loss to operate the selected power system based on the operating strategy selected. This calculation does not include costs related to initial costs, operation and maintenance, financing, etc. In this case, the efficiency is expressed as the amount of energy input in kJ from the fuel required to produce 1 kWh of useful energy.
See the following figure: Efficiency Calculation Select base load power system When there is a base and an intermediate load power system, the user selects the power system that will act as the base load system, from the drop-down list.
The model then recalculates the values in the "Base load power system" and "Intermediate load power system" sections and operating strategy table.
For "Power load following," the model assumes that the system is operating at a capacity to match the power load. For "Heating load following," the model assumes that the system is operating at a capacity to match the heating load. These costs are addressed from the initial, or investment, cost standpoint and from the annual, or recurring, cost standpoint. The user may refer to the RETScreen Online Product Database for supplier contact information in order to obtain prices or other information required.
The second most cost effective installation is likely for retrofit situations when there are plans to either repair or upgrade an existing system. Many times the availability of a low cost fuel will make the CHP project financially attractive. While preparing the cost analysis for the proposed case CHP project, it is important to consider that some items should be "credited" for material and labour costs that would have been spent on a "conventional" or base case system had the CHP project not been considered.
The user determines which initial cost items that should be credited. It is possible that engineering and design and other development costs could also be credited as some of the time required for these items would have to be incurred for the base case system.
A "Custom" input cell is provided to allow project decision-makers to keep track of these items when preparing the project cost analysis. These "credits" can have a significant impact on the financial viability of the proposed case system. Settings Pre-feasibility or Feasibility analysis The user selects the type of analysis by clicking on the appropriate radio button. For a "Pre-feasibility analysis," less detailed and lower accuracy information is typically required while for a "Feasibility analysis," more detailed and higher accuracy information is usually required.
To put this in context, when funding and financing organisations are presented with a request to fund an energy project, some of the first questions they will likely ask are "how accurate is the estimate, what are the possibilities for cost over-runs and how does it compare financially with other options?
Some of this data may be time sensitive so the user should verify current values where appropriate. This process is illustrated, for hydro projects, in the Accuracy of Project Cost Estimates figure [Gordon, ]. At the completion of each step, a "go or no go" decision is usually made by the project proponent as to whether to proceed to the next step of the development process.
High quality, but low-cost, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies are critical to helping the project proponent "screen out" projects that do not make financial sense, as well as to help focus development and engineering efforts prior to construction. Cost reference or Second currency The user selects the type of reference that will be used as a guide to help estimate the costs for the proposed case project by clicking on the appropriate radio button.
Note that this selection is for reference purposes only, and does not affect the calculations made in this or other worksheets. If the user selects "Cost reference," the user can choose the cost reference from the dropdown list that appears in the next column. This feature allows the user to change the information in the "Quantity range" and "Unit cost range" columns, thus allowing the user to create a custom cost reference database. This option allows the user to assign a portion of a project cost item in a second currency, to account for those costs that must be paid for in a currency other than the currency in which the project costs are reported.
Cost reference The user selects the cost reference from the drop-down list. If the user selects "Canada - ," the range of values reported in the "Quantity range" and "Unit cost range" columns are for a baseline year, for projects in Canada and in Canadian dollars.
If the user selects "None," the information presented in the "Quantity range" and "Unit cost range" columns hides. The user might choose this option, for example, to minimise the amount of information printed in the final report.
This selection thus allows the user to customise the information in the "Quantity range" and "Unit cost range" columns. The user can also overwrite "Custom 1" to enter a specific name e. Japan - for a new set of unit cost and quantity ranges in the cell next to the drop-down list.
The user may also evaluate a single project using different quantity and cost ranges; selecting a new range reference "Custom 1" to "Custom 5" enables the user to keep track of different cost scenarios.
Hence the user may retain a record of up to 5 different quantities and cost ranges that can be used in future RETScreen analyses and thus create a localised cost reference database. Second currency The user selects the second currency; this is the currency in which a portion of a project cost item will be paid for in the second currency specified by the user.
This second unit of currency is displayed in the "Foreign amount" column. To facilitate the presentation of monetary data, this selection may also be used to reduce the monetary data by a factor e. If "None" is selected, no unit of currency is shown in the "Foreign amount" column. For example, if Afghanistan is selected from the Second currency switch drop-down list, the unit of currency shown in the "Foreign amount" column is "AFA.
Some currency symbols may be unclear on the screen e. The user can then increase the zoom to see those symbols correctly. Usually, symbols will be fully visible on printing even if not fully appearing on the screen display.
The exchange rate is used to calculate the values in the "Foreign amount" column. For example, the user selects the Afghanistan currency AFA as the currency in which the monetary data of the project is reported i. Symbol The user enters the currency manually when selecting "User-defined" as the Second currency.
The second currency is selected by the user in the "Second currency" cell. Foreign amount The model calculates for reference purposes only the amount of an item's costs that will be paid for in the second currency. This value is based on the exchange rate and the CHP. Initial costs credits The initial costs associated with the implementation of the project are detailed below. Feasibility study Once a potential cost-effective proposed case project has been identified through the RETScreen pre-feasibility analysis process, a more detailed feasibility analysis study is often required.
This is particularly the case for large projects. Feasibility studies typically include such items as a site investigation, a resource assessment, an environmental assessment, a preliminary project design, a detailed cost estimate, a GHG baseline study and a monitoring plan and a final report. Feasibility study project management and travel costs are also normally incurred. These costs are detailed below. For small projects, the cost of the more detailed feasibility study, relative to the cost of the proposed case project might not be justified.
In this case the project proponent might choose to go directly to the engineering stage combining some steps from the feasibility and development stages. The site visit involves a brief survey of all major buildings under consideration. For larger systems, customers can be many kilometres away from the central plant. The identification of the most promising buildings or clusters is generally followed by a detailed site and building or clusters analysis. The analysis includes: measurement of the distance between the various buildings; determination of the fuel consumption for each building; measurement of the building areas and insulation levels; study and CHP.
Preliminary data gathering, which should build upon the initial pre-feasibility analysis data, should be conducted prior to, and during, the site visit. The time required for a site survey, detailed building and site analysis varies according to the number of buildings involved and the complexity of the existing system.
Obtaining fuel consumption data can sometimes add to the time required. The cost of a site visit is influenced by the planned duration and travel time to and from the site. The time required to gather the data prior to the site visit and during the site visit typically falls between 1 and 5 person-days.
Resource assessment The user must carefully consider the energy resource to ensure that there is a sufficient local resource to meet the projects energy requirements in an environmentally appropriate and financially viable manner.
For example, biomass projects are not considered "renewable energy" unless the biomass is harvested in a sustainable manner. The time required to carry out a brief resource assessment is typically 1 to 5 person-days, depending on the extent of the field survey and the amount of data collection and analysis involved. This assessment can usually be combined with the site investigation. Environmental assessment An environmental assessment is an essential part of the feasibility study work.
While CHP projects can usually be developed in an environmentally acceptable manner projects can often be designed to enhance environmental conditions , work is required to study the potential environmental impacts of any proposed case project. At the feasibility study stage, the objective of the environmental assessment is to determine if there is any major environmental impact that could prevent the implementation of a project. Noise and visual impacts as well as potential impact on the flora and fauna must be addressed.
The time required to consult with the different stakeholders, gather and process relevant data and possibly visit the site and local communities typically falls between 1 and 8 person-days.
As with site investigations, the scope of this task is often reduced for small projects in order to reduce costs. Consequently, additional contingencies should be allowed to account for the resulting additional risk of cost overruns during construction. The cost of the preliminary design is calculated based on an estimate of the time required by an expert to complete the necessary work.
As with site investigations, the time required to complete the preliminary design will depend, to a large extend on the size of the project and corresponding acceptable level of risk. Measure its energy performance after implementation or build a portfolio of multiple facilities…. RETScreen reduces the cost of getting real, viable energy projects on the ground, and helps ensure that investments continue to perform as expected over the long term. Developed by the Government of Canada with a number of partners, RETScreen is used by the public and private sectors to help analyze, plan, implement and monitor energy projects, and by universities and colleges worldwide for teaching and research.
Engineers, architects, technicians, planners and other professionals in Canada and around the world use RETScreen in 36 languages. RETScreen Expert , an advanced premium version of the software, is available in Viewer mode completely free-of-charge. Our software is also available in Professional mode on an annual subscription basis. Click here for more information.
Be the first to learn about software updates and receive other RETScreen-related news. Sign up to receive communications and alerts by sending an e-mail to RETScreen nrcan-rncan. You may unsubscribe at any time. RETScreen Expert , een geavanceerde premium versie van de software, is geheel gratis verkrijgbaar in de Viewer-modus. Dit intelligente softwareplatform voor besluitvorming stelt managers ook in staat om gemakkelijk de feitelijke prestaties van hun voorzieningen te meten en controleren en helpt zoeken naar additionele energiebesparende en productiemogelijkheden.
RETScreen adalah sistem Perangkat Lunak Manajemen Energi Bersih untuk efisiensi energi, energi terbarukan, dan analisis kelayakan proyek kogenerasi serta analisis kinerja energi berkelanjutan.
RETScreen Expert , versi premium tingkat lanjutan dari perangkat lunak ini, tersedia dalam mode Penampil secara gratis. RETScreen memberdayakan para profesional dan pengambil keputusan agar dapat dengan cepat mengidentifikasi, menilai, dan mengoptimalkan kelayakan teknis dan kelayakan keuangan proyek-proyek energi bersih. Taka platforma inteligentnego oprogramowania ds. RETScreen ni mfumo wa Programu ya Usimamizi wa Nishati Safi wa matumizi bora ya nishati, nishati inayoweza kutumiwa tena na uchanganuzi wa mradi unaowezekana wa uzalishaji upya na hata pia uchanganuzi wa utendajikazi unaoendelea wa nishati.
RETScreen Expert , toleo mahiri la kulipiwa la programu, linapatikana katika Hali ya mtazamaji bila malipo yoyote. RETScreen huwawezesha wataalamu na wafanya maamuzi kutambua, kufikia na kuboresha uwezekano wa kiufundi na wa kifedha wa miradi ya nishati safi haraka. Ang RETScreen ay isang Software para sa Pamamahala ng Malinis na Enerhiya na sistema para sa pagka-episyente ng enerhiya, pagsusuri ng renewable na enerhiya at feasibility ng proyekto ng cogeneration at gayundin ang pagsusuri ng pagganap ng enerhiya.
RETScreen Expert , isang advanced premium na bersiyon ng software, ay available sa Viewer mode nang ganap na lobre.
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